502 Chairs in Leather by Norman Foster for Walter Knoll, 1990s, Set of 2

With over 250 projects in 40 countries around the world, the extremely prolific Lord Norman Robert Foster (b.1935) is arguably the most successful architect of our time. Often (and increasingly) driven by a sustainable approach, his designs will doubtlessly have a lasting impact for generations to come.

Foster was born into a working class family and raised in the industrial city of Manchester, England. From an early age he exhibited an interest in architecture, drawing inspiration from his hometown, as well as from his idols Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier. Foster studied at the School of Architecture and City Planning at the University of Manchester (g.1961) and subsequently at Yale University, where he obtained his Master’s degree in Architecture. During his time at Yale, Foster was exposed to architects Paul Rudolph (1918-1997), Serge Chermayeff (1900-1996), and Vincent Scully (b. 1920), who all had an influence on his work throughout his career.

In 1963, Foster, together with Su Brumwell, Wendy Cheesman, and Richard Rogers—whom he met during his time at Yale—founded the architectural practice Team 4 and soon gained recognition for high-tech design. In 1967, after Team 4 had disbanded, Foster and wife Wendy Cheesman (d. 1989) founded Foster Associates in London, which is now known as Foster + Partners. In the mid-1970s, the firm gained international acclaim with its design for the Willis Facer and Dumas headquarters (constructed between 1970 and 1975) in Ipswich, England. Foster’s sustainable design included an open-plan concept that was radical for its time.

Foster had a very fruitful partnership with architect Richard Buckminster Fuller, which lasted from 1968 until Fuller’s death in 1983. They collaborated on several projects that focused specifically on environmental awareness, including the Samuel Beckett Theatre project (1971) in Oxford. By rewriting strict architectural standards into more “green” or bio-friendly terms, Foster paved the way for a new genre of environmental architecture. Using natural resources, such as light and ventilation—alongside celebrating the quality of life within the spaces—Foster is a master of using technology as a means, not an end.

His well-known projects include the Millennium Tower in Japan (1989); the Reichstag in Berlin (1992-1999); 30 St. Mary Ace in London, known colloquially as the London Gherkin (1997-2004); the Great Court at the British Museum in London (1994-2000); and the World Trade Center in New York (2002). Beyond Foster’s many architectural accomplishments, he also maintains a successful career in furniture design, with standouts like Nomos Table (1987) for Tecno, Airline Seating System (1999) for Vitra, 505 Sofa and Table Series (2002) for Walter Knoll, RF1 Stacking Chair (2006) for Randers, and the Teso Table (2013) for Molteni.

Over the course of his illustrious career, Foster has received many awards and accolades, including the Royal Gold Medal for Architecture (1983), the Gold Medal of the Academy of Architecture of France (1991), the American Institute of Architects Gold Medal (1994), the 21st Pritzker Architect Prize Laureate (1999), and the Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts (2009). He was knighted by the Queen of England in 1990 and given the title ‘Lord Foster of Thames Bank’ in 1999.

Today, Foster + Partners’ work spans a wide array of projects, from urban masterplans and public infrastructure to private housing and furniture design. If you are curious to hear more about Foster’s own thoughts on the future of design, check out his TED Talk for the 2007 DLD Conference in Munich, titled Norman Foster: My Green Agenda for Architecture. Here he discusses how architects can use computers to create pollution-free design. 

The furniture manufacturing brand currently known as Walter Knoll traces its beginnings to the 19th century, when German leather virtuoso Wilhelm Knoll (1839-1907) founded his eponymous accessories atelier in 1865 in Stuttgart, Germany. Quickly gaining a reputation for quality and luxury, Wilhelm Knoll was invited to be a purveyor to the Royal Court of Württemberg, and a design dynasty was born.

Around the turn of the 20th century, Wilhelm Knoll expanded into furniture production and renamed his company Ledersitzmöbelfabrik Wilhelm Knoll (Wilhelm Knoll Leather Seating Factory). In 1907, the family business was transferred to Wilhelm’s sons, Willy (1878-1954) and Walter (1876-1971). Right away, the Knoll brothers found success by introducing the first club chair to Germany and opening branches in Vienna and St. Petersburg.

During the 1920s, Stuttgart was a vital hub of modernist discourse—which encouraged designs rooted in principles of reduction, functionalism, and mass production—and Willy and Walter Knoll both found unique inspiration in the innovative ideas that proliferated around them. Willy developed the legendary Antimott Series, which combined wooden frames with elastic strapping to achieve slimmer, more comfortable, more supportive chairs and sofas. Notably, lightweight, aluminum-framed Antimott seating was used to furnish the Zeppelin airships. Antimott designs remained a bestseller for the Wilhelm Knoll Company well into the postwar era.

Meanwhile, Walter Knoll decided to leave his family’s business to found Walter Knoll & Co. in 1925. Walter was an advocate of the era’s avant-garde and became the first manufacturer to specialize in the production of Bauhaus-designed furniture. The seating produced by Walter Knoll & Co. incorporated colored fabrics in lieu of leather, and Walter’s Prodomo Series is historically classified as the first modernist upholstered furniture.

Iconic architect-designer Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) befriended Walter around this time and invited him to provide furniture for residential buildings exhibited at the landmark Weißenhofsiedlung exhibition in Stuttgart in 1927. For this architectural experiment, Mies invited Europe’s most forward-thinking architects—Peter Behrens, Walter Gropius, and Le Corbusier, for example—to develop idealized housing models for the middle and working classes. For Mies’s own steel-framed apartments, Walter contributed furniture with tubular steel frames, which his company began to produce in 1929.

In 1937, Walter Knoll & Co. relocated operations to Herrenberg, Germany, where it still resides today. As Germany ramped up toward World War II, both Knoll companies were forced to cease production and eventually suffered devastation from bombings. It was during these years that Walter’s son, Hans Knoll, embarked on his journey to America, where he eventually founded his own company, Knoll Inc.

In 1945, Walter Knoll & Co. and the Wilhelm Knoll Company began to rebuild their companies for the postwar era. That year, Walter, with the help of his sons and designer Jens Risom, launched the streamlined Vostra Chair and earned international accolades. By 1950, the Wilhelm Knoll Company was back on its feet as well, but Willy passed away that year and was succeeded by his son Dieter—who would go on to found the Dieter Knoll company in Austria in 1962. Walter Knoll retired from his own company in 1964 and was succeeded by his son Robert Knoll and his nephew, Dr. Walter Combe.

In the 1970s, Walter Knoll & Co. moved into the contract furniture business and famously outfitted Tegel Airport in Berlin. Sought-after designs produced by Walter Knoll & Co. include Bucket Seat 369 (1956), Arno Votteler’s 368 Armchair (1956), and Lady’s Chair 375 and Gentleman's Chair 376 (both 1957). In more recent years, the company has commissioned designs from architect-designers, such as EOOS, Norman Foster, Preben Fabricius & Jorgen Kastholm, and Pearson Lloyd. 

In 1985, Walter Knoll & Co. took over the Wilhelm Knoll Company, with the latter’s designs continuing to be produced as the “Wilhelm Knoll Collection.” In 1993, the Rolf Benz family bought the Walter Knoll trademark. In 2007, the company went international, launching a subsidiary in Australia and eventually opening showrooms in London, Paris, Mumbai, and Beijing. In 2015, the company celebrated its 150-year anniversary.

* All images courtesy of Walter Knoll