Art Deco H269 Armchair by Jindřich Halabala for Thonet, 1930s

Czech industrial designer, writer, and educator Jindřich Halabala was a significant proponent of modernist, industrially manufactured furniture in Czechoslovakia and had a tremendous influence on the interior design of many interwar and postwar Czech homes.

Born in 1903 in Koryčany, Halabala spent his formative years training as a cabinetmaker in his father’s joinery workshop before entering the state-owned woodworking school in Valašské Meziříčí in 1920. He completed his practical studies with woodworking company Associated Arts & Crafts Enterprises, known as UP (Spojené Uměleckoprůmyslové Závody), in Brno. Halabala subsequently studied at the Academy of Applied Arts in Prague under Czech modernist architect-designer Pavel Janák (1881-1956). After graduating in 1926, Halabala worked briefly at the studio of Bohumil Hübschmann in Prague, until he was hired by UP. Halabala quickly became the firm’s development manager, responsible for product promotion and sales strategy—a position he maintained until 1946. Believing that furniture should be fully functional, modular, mobile, and widely affordable, Halabala advocated for a new mass-market approach to furnishing, ultimately pioneering industrial furniture manufacturing in Czechoslovakia.

Halabala’s designs include chairs, tables, sideboards, drawers, flower stands, couches, lamps, and more, with an aesthetic that drew from Czech Cubism, Art Déco, and classic European mid-century modernism. During the 1930s, he developed the modular series H and E, as well as various types of wooden and tubular steel pieces inspired by Bauhaus designers Mart Stam (1899-1986) and Marcel Breuer (1902-1981). These cantilevered designs, which were produced in UP's Hodonín branch, are highly sought-after today on the vintage market.

Other Halabala designs include the H-269 Lounge Chair (early 1930s)—arguably the most well-known Czech design, instantly recognizable for its exaggerated, curved armrests; the spider-like H-370 Coffee Table (1930s); and the adjustable H-70 Lounge Chair (1930s), to name a few. Like his Scandinavian contemporaries Alvar Aalto (1898-1976) and Bruno Mathsson (1907-1988), Halabala utilized bentwood in most of his chair designs.

Between 1951 and 1954, Halabala was an external lecturer at the Faculty of Forestry & Timber Engineering at VSPD in Kosice, and in 1954, he was appointed professor at the University of Forestry & Wood in Zvolen. He was also a prolific writer, routinely publishing articles in journals as well as the general press. Notably, Halabala was the chairman of the Association of Furniture Manufacturers of Czechoslovakia.

Halabala retired in 1970 and passed away in 1978 in Brno. His designs can be found in the collections of the Moravská Gallery in Brno and the Museum of Modern Art in Olomouc.

Thonet—the oldest surviving furniture company in the world—began its long life in 1819, when cabinetmaker Michael Thonet (1796-1871) established a furniture workshop in Boppard, Germany. A proponent of the Biedermeier style, he specialized in chairs, tables, and storage pieces characterized by clean lines, reduced ornamentation, and an emphasis on functionalist principles. By the 1830s, Thonet’s experiments in laminated and steam-bent wood furniture, like his famous Boppard Chair (1836), brought international acclaim. Thonet’s designs achieved a combination of lightness, durability, and comfort unknown in European furniture at the time.

A great fan of his work, Prince Metternich of Austria invited Thonet to present his designs to the Viennese court in 1842. Finding so much support there, Thonet opened a new company in Vienna in 1849. In 1853, he transferred his company to his sons, and Gebrüder Thonet was established.

Through the second half of the 19th century, Gebrüder Thonet designs grew increasingly popular with the cultural vanguard, especially among progressive design thinkers and tastemakers. One design in particular, the No. 14 Café Chair (ca. 1859), led the way to international success: the chair’s innovative bending technique was well suited to industrial production, and its rationalized, easily assembled structure allowed for efficient packing and shipping. In 1850, Anna Daum famously outfitted her fashionable Viennese café with No. 14 Chairs, and by the 1870s, Gebrüder Thonet had sales offices across Europe and the US. To date, more than 50 million No. 14 Chairs have been sold worldwide–not counting the untold pirated copies.

Iconic pieces from the traditional Gebrüder Thonet collection include Rocking Chair No. 1 (1860), No. 14 Café Chair (ca. 1859), Adolf Loos’s Café Museum Chair (1899), No. 209 Armchair (ca. 1900), Otto Wagner’s No. 247 Postal Savings Bank Chair (1904), and Josef Hoffmann’s No. 811 (1925). In the early years of the 20th century, Gebrüder Thonet also began producing designs in bent tubular steel by Bauhaus masters like Marcel Breuer, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Mart Stam.

In the aftermath of World War II, Thonet lost all of its production facilities in Eastern Europe, and the sales office at Vienna’s Stephansplatz had been destroyed. Between 1945 and 1953, Georg Thonet, the great-grandson of company founder Michael Thonet, led the rebuilding. Economic success returned quickly. In the ensuing decades, the company commissioned designs from many outstanding designers, such as Verner Panton, Pierre Paulin, Norman Foster, James Irvine, Piero Lissoni, and Stefan Diez. Classic Thonet pieces can be found in museum collections around the world, including the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Centre Pompidou and Musée d'Orsay in Paris, the Vitra Design Museum in Weil am Rhein, the Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich, the Austrian Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna, and the British Museum and the Victoria & Albert Museum in London.

In 1976 Thonet was divided into two separate German and Austrian companies, which remain independent of each other. Today, Thonet GmbH is headquartered in Frankenberg, Germany and continues to manufacture the original, bentwood and tubular steel designs alongside new pieces by contemporary, international architects and designers. Originally opened in 1861 by Thonet himself, the furniture factory TON (Továrna Ohýbaného Nábytku), which is located in what is known today as the Czech Republic, continues to manufacture Thonet designs. 

* All images courtesy of Thonet.de